A STUDY OF THE MOSQUITO AS THE PRIMARY MALARIA VECTOR
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The Plasmodium parasite, which is responsible for malaria, as well as nematode worms, such as Wuchereria bancrofti, which are responsible for filariasis, and a large number of arbo-viruses, such as yellow fever and dengue viruses, which are two diseases that have a significant impact in tropical and subtropical regions, are transmitted by mosquitoes (Ifeyinwa et al, 2012). They are members of the Order: Diptera and have a short, elongated, and thin body. They also have long, many-segmented antennae, long, slender legs, and an extended proboscis that has both piercing and sucking mouth parts (Jordan et al, 2007).
It has been discovered that certain species of mosquitoes are able to thrive in aquatic bodies such as fresh or salt water marshes, mangrove swamps, rice fields, grassy ditches, the edge of streams and rivers, and small temporary pools. Mosquitoes take advantage of almost all different kinds of lentic aquatic habitats for breeding (Badu, Brenya, & Timmann, 2022). There are several species that choose settings with plants, while others reproduce in open pools that are lighted by the sun. A few species reproduce in the cavities of trees or the axils of the leaves of some plants (CDC, 2004).
For a good number of years, vector-borne illnesses, and particularly mosquito-borne diseases, have been the most significant global health concern. Despite this, vector-borne diseases continue to provide a consistent and significant threat to a significant portion of the global population (Autino, Noris, & Russo, 2021). The ability of mosquitoes to breed in any collection of standing water, such as wheel barrows, cesspits, flower vests, and drainage systems, makes them such a prolific source of mosquito production. Mosquitoes rank as man's most important pest, and the majority of the challenges posed by mosquito-borne diseases consist not only in their cosmopolitan nature and ability to survive in air, aquatic, and terrestrial habitats, but also in their ability to breed in any collection of standing water. This (Ifeyinwa et al, 2012).
In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality is a result of diseases that are spread by mosquitoes. For instance, there are up to 500 million clinical cases concerning fatalities due to malaria over the world (Olaleye et al, 2001).
1.2 MOSQUITO BREEDING SITES FOR DIFFERENT MOSQUITO TYPES
The term "breeding site" refers to any location in which mosquitoes are able to satisfy all of the physiological and chemical needs that are essential to their continued existence, growth, and development. Different species of mosquitoes require different habitats to successfully reproduce. For instance, several species of Anopheles prefer environments rich in flora, whereas others reproduce in open pools that are illuminated by the sun. A few species reproduce in the cavities of trees or the axils of the leaves of some plants (Bizimana, Twarabamenye, & Kienberger, 2021).
Although it is generally accepted that members of the genus Anopheline breed in ground pools, huge numbers of individuals have been spotted breeding in gutters, sewage runoff, and residential containers (Mafiana et al, 1998; Aigbodion et al, 2003). It has been discovered that the Anopheles mosquito may reproduce in clear water that is of an appropriate temperature, PH, and nutritional content (Autino, Noris, & Russo, 2021).
Breeding places for Aedes mosquitoes are typically found in natural settings, particularly in tree holes, leaf axils, rock pools, and other locations of a similar kind (Hawley, 1988). This mosquito has been pushed all over the world to adapt to reproducing in domestic and semi-domestic artificial container habitats as a result of widespread deforestation, climate change, and a rise in international commerce (Gubler et al, 2001; Delatte et al,2008).
Culex breeding surface area has expanded as a result of the unplanned and haphazard spread of urban settlement, stagnant water in ditches and drains, cesspits, septic tanks, water tanks, barrels, and other types of containers (Badu, Brenya, & Timmann, 2022).
Breeding sites for Culex species may be found in fresh water environments such pools, ditches, ponds, and even the effluents of sewage treatment facilities. Species of Ochlerotatus can be discovered in natural manmade containers, fresh and brackish marshes, and temporary flood water pools. The majority of Psorophora species are found breeding in ephemeral flood water environments, such as forest ponds, roadside ditches, and pastures. The ground pools, marshes, and grassy borders of lakes are the most typical habitats in which to find species of Deranotaenia. Their primary diet consists of reptiles and amphibians, and it is not known whether or not they would attack people (PHPC, 2001).
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